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<title>Beat Generation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beat Generation</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the subculture surrounding the literary movement, see <a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a>. For the play, see <a href="Beat_Generation_(play)" title="Beat Generation (play)"><i>Beat Generation</i> (play)</a>. For the film, see <a href="The_Beat_Generation_(film)" title="The Beat Generation (film)"><i>The Beat Generation</i> (film)</a>.</div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Notable writers of the Beat Generation include (from left): <a href="William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, <a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> and <a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>. All were from the <a href="Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">previous generation</a>.</div></div></div></div>

<p>The <b>Beat Generation</b> was a literary <a href="Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced <a href="Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a> and <a href="Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">politics</a> in the post-World War II era.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of their work was published and popularized by members of the <a href="Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a> in the <a href="1950s" title="1950s">1950s</a>, better known as <a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatniks</a>. The central elements of Beat culture are the rejection of standard narrative values, making a spiritual quest, the exploration of American and Eastern religions, the rejection of <a href="Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">economic materialism</a>, explicit portrayals of the <a href="Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>, experimentation with <a href="Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drugs</a>, and <a href="Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual liberation</a> and exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>'s <i><a href="Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a></i> (1956), <a href="William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>' <i><a href="Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a></i> (1959), and <a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>'s <i><a href="On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a></i> (1957) are among the best-known examples of Beat literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Charters92toc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charters92toc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>Howl</i> and <i>Naked Lunch</i> were the focus of <a href="Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> trials that ultimately helped to liberalize publishing in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_Charters_2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann_Charters_2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ted_Morgan_1988._p_347_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ted_Morgan_1988._p_347-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Beat Generation developed a reputation as new <a href="Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> <a href="Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonists</a>, who celebrated <a href="Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">non-conformity</a> and spontaneous creativity.

</p><p>The core group of Beat Generation authors—<a href="Herbert_Huncke" title="Herbert Huncke">Herbert Huncke</a>, Ginsberg, Burroughs, <a href="Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a>, and Kerouac—met in 1944 in and around the <a href="Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> campus in New York City. Later, in the mid-1950s, the central figures, except Burroughs and Carr, ended up together in San Francisco, where they met and became friends of figures associated with the <a href="San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a>.

</p><p>In the 1950s, a <a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a> subculture formed around the literary movement, although this was often viewed critically by major authors of the Beat movement. In the 1960s, elements of the expanding Beat movement were incorporated into the <a href="History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">hippie</a> and larger <a href="Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a> movements. <a href="Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a>, as the driver for <a href="Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a>'s bus <i><a href="Furthur_(bus)" title="Furthur (bus)">Furthur</a></i>, was the primary bridge between these two generations. Ginsberg's work also became an integral element of early 1960s hippie culture, in which he actively participated. The <a href="Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> culture was practiced primarily by older members of the <a href="Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">following generation</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>Although Kerouac introduced the phrase "Beat Generation" in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, anti-conformist youth movement in New York, fellow poet <a href="Herbert_Huncke" title="Herbert Huncke">Herbert Huncke</a> is credited with first using the word "beat".<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name arose in a conversation with writer <a href="John_Clellon_Holmes" title="John Clellon Holmes">John Clellon Holmes</a>. Kerouac allows that it was Huncke, a street hustler, who originally used the phrase "beat", in an earlier discussion with him. The adjective "beat" could colloquially mean "tired" or "beaten down" within the African-American community of the period and had developed out of the image "beat to his socks",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Kerouac expanded on the meaning to include the connotations "upbeat", "beatific", and the musical association of being "on the beat", and "the Beat to keep" from the <i>Beat Generation</i> poem.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_places">Significant places</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_University">Columbia University</h3></div>

<p>The origins of the Beat Generation can be traced to <a href="Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the meeting of Kerouac, Ginsberg, Carr, Hal Chase and others. Kerouac attended Columbia on a football scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the beats are usually regarded as anti-academic,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of their ideas were formed in response to professors like <a href="Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a> and <a href="Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a>. Classmates Carr and Ginsberg discussed the need for a "New Vision" (a term borrowed from <a href="W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>), to counteract what they perceived as their teachers' conservative, <a href="Formalism_(literature)" title="Formalism (literature)">formalistic</a> literary ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Times_Square_"underworld"">Times Square "underworld"</h3></div>

<p>Ginsberg was arrested in 1949. The police attempted to stop Jack Melody (a.k.a. "little Jack") while he was driving a car in Queens with Priscella Arminger (alias, Vickie Russell or "Detroit Redhead") and Allen Ginsberg in the back seat. The car was filled with stolen items Little Jack planned to fence. Jack Melody crashed while trying to flee, rolled the car and the three of them escaped on foot. Allen Ginsberg lost his glasses in the accident and left incriminating notebooks behind. He was given the option to plead insanity to avoid a jail term and was committed for 90 days to <a href="Bellevue_Hospital" title="Bellevue Hospital">Bellevue Hospital</a>, where he met <a href="Carl_Solomon" title="Carl Solomon">Carl Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Solomon was arguably more eccentric than psychotic. A fan of <a href="Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a>, he indulged in self-consciously "crazy" behavior, like throwing potato salad at a college lecturer on <a href="Dada" title="Dada">Dadaism</a>. Solomon was given <a href="Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">shock treatments</a> at Bellevue; this became one of the main themes of Ginsberg's "Howl", which was dedicated to Solomon. Solomon later became the publishing contact who agreed to publish Burroughs' first novel, <i><a href="Junkie_(novel)" title="Junkie (novel)">Junkie</a></i>, in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenwich_Village">Greenwich Village</h3></div>

<p>Beat writers and artists flocked to <a href="Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> in New York City in the late 1950s because of low rent and the "small town" element of the scene. Folksongs, readings and discussions often took place in <a href="Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allen Ginsberg was a big part of the scene in the Village, as was Burroughs, who lived at 69 Bedford Street.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard,_Rick_1993_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard,_Rick_1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Burroughs, Ginsberg, Kerouac, and other poets frequented many bars in the area, including the <a href="San_Remo_Cafe" title="San Remo Cafe">San Remo Cafe</a> at 93 MacDougal Street on the northwest corner of Bleecker, <a href="Chumley's" title="Chumley's">Chumley's</a>, and <a href="Minetta_Tavern" title="Minetta Tavern">Minetta Tavern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard,_Rick_1993_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard,_Rick_1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a>, <a href="Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a>, <a href="Franz_Kline" title="Franz Kline">Franz Kline</a>, and other abstract expressionists were also frequent visitors of and collaborators with the Beats.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural critics have written about the transition of Beat culture in the Village into the Bohemian hippie culture of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1960, a presidential election year, the Beats formed a political party, the "Beat Party," and held a mock nominating convention to announce a presidential candidate: the African-American street poet <a href="Big_Brown_(poet)" title="Big Brown (poet)">Big Brown</a>, won a majority of votes on the first ballot but fell short of the eventual nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin_Statesman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin_Statesman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Associated Press reported, "Big Brown's lead startled the convention. Big, as the husky African American is called by his friends, wasn't the favorite son of any delegation, but he had one tactic that earned him votes. In a chatterbox convention, only once did he speak at length, and that was to read his poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-Amarillo_Globe_Times_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarillo_Globe_Times-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Francisco_and_the_Six_Gallery_reading">San Francisco and the Six Gallery reading</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></div>

<p>Ginsberg had visited Neal and <a href="Carolyn_Cassady" title="Carolyn Cassady">Carolyn Cassady</a> in <a href="San_Jose%2C_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> in 1954 and moved to San Francisco in August. He fell in love with <a href="Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a> at the end of 1954 and began writing <i>Howl</i>. <a href="Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a>, of the new <a href="City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Bookstore</a>, started to publish the <a href="City_Lights_Pocket_Poets_Series" title="City Lights Pocket Poets Series">City Lights Pocket Poets Series</a> in 1955.

</p>

<p><a href="Kenneth_Rexroth" title="Kenneth Rexroth">Kenneth Rexroth</a>'s apartment became a Friday night literary salon (Ginsberg's mentor <a href="William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, an old friend of Rexroth, had given him an introductory letter). When asked by <a href="Wally_Hedrick" title="Wally Hedrick">Wally Hedrick</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To organize the <a href="Six_Gallery_reading" title="Six Gallery reading">Six Gallery reading</a>, Ginsberg wanted Rexroth to serve as master of ceremonies, in a sense to bridge generations.

</p><p><a href="Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a>, <a href="Michael_McClure" title="Michael McClure">Michael McClure</a>, <a href="Philip_Whalen" title="Philip Whalen">Philip Whalen</a>, Ginsberg and <a href="Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a> read on October 7, 1955, before 100 people (including Kerouac, up from Mexico City). Lamantia read poems of his late friend John Hoffman. At his first public reading, Ginsberg performed the just finished first part of <i>Howl</i>. It was a success and the evening led to many more readings by the now locally famous Six Gallery poets.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It was also a marker of the beginning of the Beat movement since the 1956 publication of <i>Howl</i> (<i>City Lights Pocket Poets</i>, no. 4), and its obscenity trial in 1957 brought it to nationwide attention.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Six Gallery reading informs the second chapter of Kerouac's 1958 novel <i><a href="The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a>,</i> whose chief protagonist is "Japhy Ryder", a character who is based on Gary Snyder. Kerouac was impressed with Snyder and they were close for several years. In the spring of 1955, they lived together in Snyder's cabin in <a href="Mill_Valley%2C_California" title="Mill Valley, California">Mill Valley, California</a>. Most Beats were urbanites and they found Snyder almost exotic, with his rural background and wilderness experience, as well as his education in <a href="Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a> and Oriental languages. Lawrence Ferlinghetti called him "the <a href="Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> of the Beat Generation."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As documented in the conclusion of <i>The Dharma Bums</i>, Snyder moved to Japan in 1955, in large measure to intensively practice and study <a href="Zen" title="Zen">Zen Buddhism</a>. He would spend most of the next 10 years there. <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is one of the primary subjects of <i>The Dharma Bums</i>, and the book undoubtedly helped to popularize Buddhism in the West and remains one of Kerouac's most widely read books.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Northwest">Pacific Northwest</h3></div>

<p>The Beats also spent time in the Northern Pacific Northwest including Washington and Oregon. Kerouac wrote about sojourns to Washington's North Cascades in <i>The Dharma Bums</i> and <i>On the Road</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-blogspot_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogspot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Reed_College" title="Reed College">Reed College</a> in Portland, Oregon was also a locale for some of the Beat poets. Gary Snyder studied anthropology there, Philip Whalen attended Reed, and <a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> held multiple readings on the campus around 1955 and 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-reed_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reed-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a> and <a href="Philip_Whalen" title="Philip Whalen">Philip Whalen</a> were students in Reed's calligraphy class taught by <a href="Lloyd_J._Reynolds" title="Lloyd J. Reynolds">Lloyd J. Reynolds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reed2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reed2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_figures">Significant figures</h2></div>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?76140-1/biographers-beat-era-writers">Discussion of biographies of Beat poets Jack Kerouac, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Bob Kaufman, and others, October 22, 1996</a>, <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Burroughs was introduced to the group by <a href="David_Kammerer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kammerer">David Kammerer</a>. Carr had befriended Ginsberg and introduced him to Kammerer and Burroughs. Carr also knew Kerouac's girlfriend <a href="Edie_Parker" title="Edie Parker">Edie Parker</a>, through whom Burroughs met Kerouac in 1944.

</p><p>On August 13, 1944, Carr killed Kammerer with a Boy Scout knife in <a href="Riverside_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Riverside Park (Manhattan)">Riverside Park</a> in what he claimed later was self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dumped the body in the <a href="Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, later seeking advice from Burroughs, who suggested he turn himself in. He then went to Kerouac, who helped him dispose of the weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Carr turned himself in the following morning and later pleaded guilty to manslaughter. Kerouac was charged as an accessory, and Burroughs as a material witness, but neither were prosecuted. Kerouac wrote about this incident twice in his works: once in his first novel, <i><a href="The_Town_and_the_City" title="The Town and the City">The Town and the City</a></i>, and again in one of his last, <i><a href="Vanity_of_Duluoz" title="Vanity of Duluoz">Vanity of Duluoz</a></i>. He wrote a collaboration novel with Burroughs, <i><a href="And_the_Hippos_Were_Boiled_in_Their_Tanks" title="And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks">And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</a></i>, concerning the murder.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participants">Participants</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div>

<p>Beat Generation women who have been published include Edie Parker; <a href="Joyce_Johnson_(author)" title="Joyce Johnson (author)">Joyce Johnson</a>; <a href="Carolyn_Cassady" title="Carolyn Cassady">Carolyn Cassady</a>; <a href="Hettie_Jones" title="Hettie Jones">Hettie Jones</a>; <a href="Joanne_Kyger" title="Joanne Kyger">Joanne Kyger</a>; <a href="Harriet_Sohmers_Zwerling" title="Harriet Sohmers Zwerling">Harriet Sohmers Zwerling</a>; <a href="Diane_di_Prima" title="Diane di Prima">Diane DiPrima</a>; <a href="Bonnie_Bremser" title="Bonnie Bremser">Bonnie Bremser</a>; <a href="Lenore_Kandel" title="Lenore Kandel">Lenore Kandel</a>; <a href="Elise_Cowen" title="Elise Cowen">Elise Cowen</a>; and <a href="Ruth_Weiss_(beat_poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Weiss (beat poet)">ruth weiss</a>, who also made films. Carolyn Cassady wrote her detailed account of life with her husband Neal Cassady which also included details about her affair with Jack Kerouac. She titled it <i><a href="Off_the_Road" title="Off the Road">Off the Road</a></i>, and it was published in 1990. Poet <a href="Elise_Cowen" title="Elise Cowen">Elise Cowen</a> took her own life in 1963. Poet <a href="Anne_Waldman" title="Anne Waldman">Anne Waldman</a> was less influenced by the Beats than by Allen Ginsberg's later turn to <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Later, female poets emerged who claimed to be strongly influenced by the Beats, including <a href="Janine_Pommy_Vega" title="Janine Pommy Vega">Janine Pommy Vega</a> in the 1960s, <a href="Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> in the 1970s, and <a href="Hedwig_Gorski" title="Hedwig Gorski">Hedwig Gorski</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h3></div>

<p>Although African Americans were not widely represented in the Beat Generation, the presence of some black writers in this movement did contribute to the movement's progression. While many of the Beats briefly discussed issues of race and sexuality, they spoke from their perspectives—most being white. However, black people added a counterbalance to this; their work supplied readers with alternative views of occurrences in the world. Beats like the poet <a href="Bob_Kaufman" title="Bob Kaufman">Robert "Bob" Kaufman</a> and the writer LeRoi Jones (Amiri Baraka) provide through their work distinctly Black perspectives on the movement. Kaufman wrote about a number of his experiences with the racist institutions of the time. Following his time in the military, he had trouble with police officers and the criminal justice system. Like many of the Beats, Kaufman was also a fan of <a href="Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and incorporated it into his work to describe relationships with others. LeRoi Jones (<a href="Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a>) married Beat writer, Hettie Cohen, who became <a href="Hettie_Jones" title="Hettie Jones">Hettie Jones</a>, in 1958. Together with <a href="Diane_di_Prima" title="Diane di Prima">Diane di Prima</a>, they worked to develop <i>Yūgen</i> magazine, named for the Japanese concept of <a href="Japanese_aesthetics#Yūgen" title="Japanese aesthetics">yūgen</a>. Mr. and Mrs. Jones were associated with several Beats (<a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>, <a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, and <a href="Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a>). That is, until the assassination of the Civil Rights leader, <a href="Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>. During this time, LeRoi Jones branched off from the other Beat writers, including his wife, to find his identity among the African-American and Islamic communities. The change in his social setting along with awakening influenced his writing and brought about the development of many of his most notable works, like <i>Somebody Blew Up America</i>, in which he reflected on the <a href="September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">attacks of 9/11</a> and America's reaction to this incident about other occurrences in America.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_influences">Culture and influences</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3></div>

<p>One of the key beliefs and practices of the Beat Generation was free love and sexual liberation,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which strayed from the Christian ideals of American culture at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Beat writers were openly gay or bisexual, including two of the most prominent (Ginsberg<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Burroughs<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). However, the first novel does show Cassady as frankly promiscuous. Kerouac's novels feature an interracial love affair (<i><a href="The_Subterraneans" title="The Subterraneans">The Subterraneans</a></i>), and group sex (<i><a href="The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a></i>). The relationships among men in Kerouac's novels are predominately <a href="Homosociality" title="Homosociality">homosocial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blogspot2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogspot2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The original members of the Beat Generation used several different drugs, including alcohol, <a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a>, <a href="Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">benzedrine</a>, <a href="Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, and later <a href="Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drugs</a> such as <a href="Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a>, <a href="Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a>, and <a href="Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often approached drugs experimentally, initially being unfamiliar with their effects. Their drug use was broadly inspired by intellectual interest, and many Beat writers thought that their drug experiences enhanced creativity, insight, or productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of drugs was a key influence on many of the social events of the time that were personal to the Beat generation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h3></div>

<p><a href="Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a> considered English Romantic poet <a href="Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> a hero, and he was buried at the foot of Shelley's grave in the <a href="Protestant_Cemetery%2C_Rome" title="Protestant Cemetery, Rome">Protestant Cemetery, Rome</a>. Ginsberg mentions Shelley's poem <i><a href="Adona%C3%AFs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonaïs">Adonais</a></i> at the beginning of his poem <i><a href="Kaddish_(poem)" title="Kaddish (poem)">Kaddish</a>,</i> and cites it as a major influence on the composition of one of his most important poems. <a href="Michael_McClure" title="Michael McClure">Michael McClure</a> compared Ginsberg's <i><a href="Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a></i> to Shelley's breakthrough poem <i><a href="Queen_Mab_(poem)" title="Queen Mab (poem)">Queen Mab</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ginsberg's main Romantic influence was <a href="William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he studied him throughout his life. Blake was the subject of Ginsberg's self-defining auditory hallucination and revelation in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romantic poet <a href="John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> was also cited as an influence.

</p>

<p>Writers of the Beat Generation were heavily influenced by <a href="Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> artists like <a href="Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a> and the stories told through the music. Writers like <a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> (<i>On the Road</i>), Bob Kaufman ("Round About Midnight," "Jazz Chick," and "O-Jazz-O"), and <a href="Frank_O'Hara" title="Frank O'Hara">Frank O'Hara</a> ("The Day Lady Died") incorporated the emotions they felt toward jazz. They used their pieces to discuss feelings, people, and objects they associate with jazz music, as well as life experiences that reminded them of this style of music. Kaufman's pieces listed above "were intended to be freely improvisational when read with Jazz accompaniment" (Charters 327). He and other writers found inspiration in this genre and allowed it to help fuel the Beat movement.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_American_sources">Early American sources</h3></div>

<p>The Beats were inspired by early American figures in the <a href="Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalist</a> movement, such as <a href="Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> and especially <a href="Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, who is addressed as the subject of one of Ginsberg's most famous poems, "<a href="A_Supermarket_in_California" title="A Supermarket in California">A Supermarket in California</a>". <a href="Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> was occasionally acknowledged, and Ginsberg saw <a href="Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a> as having an influence on Beat poetry. The 1926 novel <i><a href="You_Can't_Win_(book)" title="You Can't Win (book)">You Can't Win</a></i> by outlaw author <a href="Jack_Black_(author)" title="Jack Black (author)">Jack Black</a> was cited as having a strong influence on Burroughs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_surrealism">French surrealism</h3></div>

<p>In many ways, <a href="Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> was still considered a vital movement in the 1950s. <a href="Carl_Solomon" title="Carl Solomon">Carl Solomon</a> introduced the work of French author <a href="Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> to Ginsberg, and the poetry of <a href="Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> had direct influence on Ginsberg's poem <i><a href="Kaddish_(poem)" title="Kaddish (poem)">Kaddish</a>.</i> Rexroth, Ferlinghetti, <a href="John_Ashbery" title="John Ashbery">John Ashbery</a> and <a href="Ron_Padgett" title="Ron Padgett">Ron Padgett</a> translated French poetry. Second-generation Beat <a href="Ted_Joans" title="Ted Joans">Ted Joans</a> was named "the only Afro-American Surrealist" by Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a> introduced Surrealist poetry to the original Beats.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poetry of <a href="Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a> and <a href="Bob_Kaufman" title="Bob Kaufman">Bob Kaufman</a> shows the influence of Surrealist poetry with its dream-like images and its random juxtaposition of dissociated images, and this influence can also be seen in more subtle ways in Ginsberg's poetry. As the legend goes, when meeting French Surrealist <a href="Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, Ginsberg kissed his shoe and Corso cut off his tie.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles,_Ginsberg_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles,_Ginsberg-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other influential French poets for the Beats were <a href="Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a>, <a href="Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> and <a href="Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernism">Modernism</h3></div>

<p><a href="Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> was the subject of a book-length study by <a href="Lew_Welch" title="Lew Welch">Lew Welch</a>. Admitted influences for Kerouac include <a href="Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> and <a href="Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism_and_Daoism">Buddhism and Daoism</h3></div>

<p>Gary Snyder defined wild as "whose order has grown from within and is maintained by the force of consensus and custom rather than explicit legislation". "The wild is not brute savagery, but a healthy balance, a self-regulating system.". Snyder attributed wild to <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>, the interests of some Beats. "Snyder's synthesis uses Buddhist thought to encourage American social activism, relying on both the concept of impermanence and the classically American imperative toward freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2></div>

<p> While many authors claim to be directly influenced by the Beats, the Beat Generation phenomenon itself has had an influence on American culture leading more broadly to the hippie movements of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1982, Ginsberg published a summary of "the essential effects" of the Beat Generation:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Spiritual liberation, sexual "revolution" or "liberation," i.e., gay liberation, somewhat catalyzing women's liberation, black liberation, and <a href="Gray_Panthers" title="Gray Panthers">Gray Panthers</a> activism.</li>

<li>Liberation of the world from censorship.</li>

<li>Demystification and/or decriminalization of <a href="Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> and other drugs.</li>

<li>The evolution of rhythm and blues into rock and roll as a high art form, as evidenced by <a href="The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, and other popular musicians influenced in the later fifties and sixties by Beat generation poets and writers' works.</li>

<li>The spread of ecological consciousness, emphasized early by <a href="Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, Jack Loeffler, and <a href="Michael_McClure" title="Michael McClure">Michael McClure</a>, the notion of a "Fresh Planet."</li>

<li>Opposition to the military-industrial machine civilization, as emphasized in the writings of Burroughs, Huncke, Ginsberg, and Kerouac.</li>

<li>Attention to what Kerouac called (after <a href="Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a>) a "second religiousness" developing within an advanced civilization.</li>

<li>Return to an appreciation of idiosyncrasy vs. state regimentation.</li>

<li>Respect for land and indigenous peoples and creatures, as proclaimed by Kerouac in his slogan from <i>On the Road</i>: "The Earth is an Indian thing."</li></ul>

</blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Beatniks"">"Beatniks"</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></div>

<p>The term "<a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">beatnik</a>" was coined by <a href="Herb_Caen" title="Herb Caen">Herb Caen</a> of the <i><a href="San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i> on April 2, 1958, blending the name of the recent Russian satellite <a href="Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a> and Beat Generation. This suggested that beatniks were (1) "far out of the mainstream of society" and (2) "possibly pro-Communist."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caen's term stuck and became the popular label associated with a new stereotype—the man with a <a href="Goatee" title="Goatee">goatee</a> and <a href="Beret" title="Beret">beret</a> reciting nonsensical poetry and playing <a href="Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">bongo drums</a> while <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free_spirit" class="extiw external" title="wikt:free spirit">free-spirited</a> women wearing black <a href="Leotard" title="Leotard">leotards</a> dance.

</p><p>An early example of the "beatnik stereotype" occurred in <a href="Vesuvio_Cafe" title="Vesuvio Cafe">Vesuvio's</a> (a bar in <a href="North_Beach%2C_San_Francisco" title="North Beach, San Francisco">North Beach</a>, San Francisco) which employed the artist <a href="Wally_Hedrick" title="Wally Hedrick">Wally Hedrick</a> to sit in the window dressed in full beard, turtleneck, and sandals, creating improvisational drawings and paintings. By 1958 tourists who came to San Francisco could take bus tours to view the North Beach Beat scene, prophetically anticipating similar tours of the <a href="Haight-Ashbury" title="Haight-Ashbury">Haight-Ashbury</a> district ten years later.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A variety of other small businesses also sprang up exploiting (and/or satirizing) the new craze. In 1959, Fred McDarrah started a "Rent-a-Beatnik" service in New York, taking out ads in <i><a href="The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i> and sending <a href="Ted_Joans" title="Ted Joans">Ted Joans</a> and friends out on calls to read poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>"Beatniks" appeared in many cartoons, movies, and TV shows of the time, perhaps the most famous being the character <a href="Maynard_G._Krebs" title="Maynard G. Krebs">Maynard G. Krebs</a> in <i><a href="The_Many_Loves_of_Dobie_Gillis" title="The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis">The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis</a></i> (1959–1963).

</p><p>While some of the original Beats embraced the beatniks, or at least found the parodies humorous (Ginsberg, for example, appreciated the parody in the comic strip <i><a href="Pogo_(comic_strip)" title="Pogo (comic strip)">Pogo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) others criticized the beatniks as inauthentic <a href="Poseur" title="Poseur">poseurs</a>. <a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> feared that the spiritual aspect of his message had been lost and that many were using the Beat Generation as an excuse to be senselessly wild.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Hippies"">"Hippies"</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></div>

<p>During the 1960s, aspects of the Beat movement metamorphosed into the <a href="Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a>, accompanied by a shift in terminology from "<a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">beatnik</a>" to "<a href="Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the original Beats remained active participants, notably Allen Ginsberg, who became a fixture of the anti-war movement. Notably, however, Jack Kerouac broke with Ginsberg and criticized the 1960s politically radical protest movements as an excuse to be "spiteful".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There were stylistic differences between beatniks and hippies—somber colors, dark sunglasses, and goatees gave way to colorful psychedelic clothing and long hair. The Beats were known for "playing it cool" (keeping a low profile).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Beyond style, there were changes in substance. The Beats tended to be essentially apolitical, but the hippies became actively engaged with the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_legacy">Literary legacy</h3></div>

<p>Among the emerging novelists of the 1960s and 1970s, a few were closely connected with Beat writers, most notably <a href="Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a> (<i><a href="One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo's_Nest_(novel)" title="One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)">One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest</a></i>). Though they had no direct connection, other writers considered the Beats to be a major influence, including <a href="Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> (<i><a href="Gravity's_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Tom_Robbins" title="Tom Robbins">Tom Robbins</a> (<i><a href="Even_Cowgirls_Get_the_Blues_(novel)" title="Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (novel)">Even Cowgirls Get the Blues</a></i>).

</p><p><a href="William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> is considered a forefather of <a href="Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern literature</a>; he also inspired the <a href="Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> genre.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One-time Beat writer <a href="Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka</a> helped initiate the <a href="Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As there was a focus on live performance among the Beats, many <a href="Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam">slam</a> poets have claimed to be influenced by the Beats. <a href="Saul_Williams" title="Saul Williams">Saul Williams</a>, for example, cites Allen Ginsberg, Amiri Baraka, and <a href="Bob_Kaufman" title="Bob Kaufman">Bob Kaufman</a> as major influences.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Postbeat Poets are direct descendants of the Beat Generation. Their association with or tutelage under Ginsberg at The Naropa University's <a href="Jack_Kerouac_School_of_Disembodied_Poetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics">Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later at <a href="Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> stressed the social-activist legacy of the Beats and created its own body of literature. Known authors are <a href="Anne_Waldman" title="Anne Waldman">Anne Waldman</a>, <a href="Antler_(poet)" title="Antler (poet)">Antler</a>, Andy Clausen, David Cope, <a href="Eileen_Myles" title="Eileen Myles">Eileen Myles</a>, Eliot Katz, <a href="Paul_Beatty" title="Paul Beatty">Paul Beatty</a>, <a href="Sapphire_(author)" title="Sapphire (author)">Sapphire</a>, <a href="Lesl%C3%A9a_Newman" title="Lesléa Newman">Lesléa Newman</a>, <a href="Jim_Cohn" title="Jim Cohn">Jim Cohn</a>, Thomas R. Peters Jr. (poet and owner of beat book shop), <a href="Sharon_Mesmer" title="Sharon Mesmer">Sharon Mesmer</a>, Randy Roark, Josh Smith, and David Evans.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_and_pop_music">Rock and pop music</h3></div>

<p>The Beats had a pervasive influence on <a href="Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and popular music, including <a href="The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> and <a href="Jim_Morrison" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</a>. The Beatles spelled their name with an "a" partly as a Beat Generation reference,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> was a fan of Jack Kerouac.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beatles even put Beat writer William S. Burroughs on the cover of their album <i><a href="Sgt._Pepper's_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ginsberg was a close friend of Bob Dylan<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and toured with him on the <a href="Rolling_Thunder_Revue" title="Rolling Thunder Revue">Rolling Thunder Revue</a> in 1975. Dylan cites Ginsberg and other Beats as major influences.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Jim_Morrison" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</a> cites Kerouac as one of his biggest influences, and fellow <a href="The_Doors" title="The Doors">Doors</a> member <a href="Ray_Manzarek" title="Ray Manzarek">Ray Manzarek</a> has said "We wanted to <i>be</i> beatniks."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Light My Fire: My Life with The Doors</i>, Manzarek also writes "I suppose if Jack Kerouac had never written <i>On the Road</i>, The Doors would never have existed." <a href="Michael_McClure" title="Michael McClure">Michael McClure</a> was also a friend of members of The Doors, at one point touring with Manzarek.

</p><p>Ginsberg was a friend of <a href="Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a>'s <a href="Merry_Pranksters" title="Merry Pranksters">Merry Pranksters</a>, a group of which <a href="Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a> was a member, which also included members of the <a href="Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>. In the 1970s, Burroughs was a friend of <a href="Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>, <a href="Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a>, <a href="David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, and <a href="Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>.

</p><p>The musical group <a href="Steely_Dan" title="Steely Dan">Steely Dan</a> is named after a steam-powered dildo in Burroughs' <i><a href="Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a></i>. British <a href="Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> band <a href="Soft_Machine" title="Soft Machine">Soft Machine</a> is named after Burroughs' novel <i><a href="The_Soft_Machine" title="The Soft Machine">The Soft Machine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Singer-songwriter <a href="Tom_Waits" title="Tom Waits">Tom Waits</a>, a Beat fan, wrote "Jack and Neal" about Kerouac and Cassady, and recorded "On the Road" (a song written by Kerouac after finishing the novel) with <a href="Primus_(band)" title="Primus (band)">Primus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later collaborated with Burroughs on the theatrical work <i><a href="The_Black_Rider" title="The Black Rider">The Black Rider</a></i>.

</p><p>Jazz musician/film composer <a href="Robert_Kraft_(composer)" title="Robert Kraft (composer)">Robert Kraft</a> wrote and released a contemporary homage to Beat Generation aesthetics entitled "Beat Generation" on the 1988 album <i>Quake City</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Musician <a href="Mark_Sandman" title="Mark Sandman">Mark Sandman</a>, who was the bass guitarist, lead vocalist, and a former member of the alternative jazz rock band <a href="Morphine_(band)" title="Morphine (band)">Morphine</a>, was interested in the Beat Generation and wrote a song called "Kerouac" as a tribute to <a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> and his philosophy and way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The band <a href="Aztec_Two-Step" title="Aztec Two-Step">Aztec Two-Step</a> recorded "The Persecution & Restoration of Dean Moriarty (On the Road)" in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There was a resurgence of interest in the beats among bands in the 1980s. Ginsberg worked with <a href="The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a> and Burroughs worked with <a href="Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>, <a href="R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, <a href="Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a>, and <a href="Ministry_(band)" title="Ministry (band)">Ministry</a>, among others. <a href="Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> of <a href="U2" title="U2">U2</a> cites Burroughs as a major influence,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Burroughs appeared briefly in a U2 video in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-punk band <a href="Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a> named a song "Interzone" after a collection of stories by Burroughs. <a href="Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a> featured Burroughs on her 1984 album <i><a href="Mister_Heartbreak" title="Mister Heartbreak">Mister Heartbreak</a></i> and in her 1986 concert film, <i><a href="Home_of_the_Brave_(1986_film)" title="Home of the Brave (1986 film)">Home of the Brave</a>.</i> The band <a href="King_Crimson" title="King Crimson">King Crimson</a> produced the album <i><a href="Beat_(King_Crimson_album)" title="Beat (King Crimson album)">Beat</a></i> inspired by the Beat Generation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>More recently, American artist <a href="Lana_Del_Rey" title="Lana Del Rey">Lana Del Rey</a> references the Beat movement and Beat poetry in her 2014 song "<a href="Brooklyn_Baby" title="Brooklyn Baby">Brooklyn Baby</a>".

</p><p>In 2021, rapper <a href="Milo_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milo (musician)">R.A.P. Ferreria</a> released the album <i>Bob's Son: R.A.P. Ferreira in the Garden Level Cafe of the Scallops Hotel</i>, named for Bob Kaufman and containing many references to the work of Kaufman, Jack Kerouac, Amiri Baraka, and other beat poets.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>The Beat Generation was met with scrutiny and assigned many stereotypes. Several magazines, including <i><a href="Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> and <i><a href="Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>,</i> depicted members of the Beat Generation as <a href="Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilists</a> and as unintellectual. This criticism was largely due to the ideological differences between American culture at the time and the Beat Generation, including their <a href="Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>-inspired beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a>, a student at Columbia with Kerouac and Ginsberg, later became a critic of the Beats. His 1958 <i><a href="Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a></i> article "The Know-Nothing Bohemians" was a vehement critique primarily of Kerouac's <i>On the Road</i> and <i>The Subterraneans,</i> as well as Ginsberg's <i>Howl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His central criticism is that the Beat's embrace of spontaneity is bound up in an anti-intellectual worship of the "primitive" that can easily turn toward mindlessness and violence. Podhoretz asserted that there was a link between the Beats and criminal delinquents.

</p><p>Ginsberg responded in a 1958 interview with <i><a href="The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically addressing the charge that the Beats destroyed "the distinction between life and literature". In the interview, he stated that "the bit about anti-intellectualism is a piece of vanity, we had the same education, went to the same school, you know there are 'Intellectuals' and there are intellectuals. Podhoretz is just out of touch with twentieth-century literature, he's writing for the eighteenth-century mind. We have a personal literature now—<a href="Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a>, <a href="Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Wolfe</a>, <a href="William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a>, <a href="James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_criticism">Internal criticism</h3></div>

<p>In a 1974 interview,<sup id="cite_ref-Knight,_Arthur_Winfield_1987_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight,_Arthur_Winfield_1987-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a> comments on the subject of "casualties" of the Beat Generation:<sup id="cite_ref-Charters01_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charters01-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote style="font-size:100%"><p>Kerouac was a casualty too. And there were many other casualties that most people have never heard of, but were genuine casualties. Just as, in the 60s, when Allen and I for a period there were almost publicly recommending people to take acid. When I look back on that now I realize there were many casualties, and responsibilities to bear.</p></blockquote>

<p>When the Beats initially set out to "construct" new communities that shirked conformity and traditionalism, they invoked the symbols of the most marginalized ethnic identities of their time. As the reality set in, of racial self-identity lost within the communal constructs of their own making, most of the Beat writers altered their message drastically to acknowledge the social impulse to marginalize the self in the conflict between isolationism and absorption of self by communal instincts seeking belonging. They began to deeply engage with new themes such as the place of the white man in America and declining patriarchal institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2></div>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> Three writers do not make a generation.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— <a href="Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes also attributed to <a href="Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>)</p></div>

<blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p> Nobody knows whether we were catalysts or invented something, or just the froth riding on a wave of its own. We were all three, I suppose.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— <a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2></div>

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<ul><li><i><a href="D.O.A._(1950_film)" title="D.O.A. (1950 film)">D.O.A.</a></i> (1949) — a film noir, set in San Francisco, which includes one of the earliest (fictional) depictions of the Beat culture</li>

<li>Jack Kerouac (wrote), Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie (directed) <i><a href="Pull_My_Daisy" title="Pull My Daisy">Pull My Daisy</a></i> (1958)</li>

<li><i><a href="Bell%2C_Book_and_Candle" title="Bell, Book and Candle">Bell, Book and Candle</a></i> (1958) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Beat_Generation_(film)" title="The Beat Generation (film)">The Beat Generation</a></i> (1959) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Bucket_of_Blood" title="A Bucket of Blood">A Bucket of Blood</a></i> (1959) Roger Corman Production</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Subterraneans_(film)" title="The Subterraneans (film)">The Subterraneans</a></i> (1960) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Visit_to_a_Small_Planet" title="Visit to a Small Planet">Visit to a Small Planet</a></i> (1960) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Greenwich_Village_Story" title="Greenwich Village Story">Greenwich Village Story</a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="Next_Stop%2C_Greenwich_Village" title="Next Stop, Greenwich Village">Next Stop, Greenwich Village</a></i> (1976)</li>

<li><i><a href="Heart_Beat_(film)" title="Heart Beat (film)">Heart Beat</a></i> (1980) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i>What Happened to Kerouac?</i> (1986) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="Absolute_Beginners_(film)" title="Absolute Beginners (film)">Absolute Beginners</a></i> (1986) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Naked_Lunch_(film)" title="Naked Lunch (film)">Naked Lunch</a></i> (1991) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Life_and_Times_of_Allen_Ginsberg" title="Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg">Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg</a></i> (1993) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="So_I_Married_an_Axe_Murderer" title="So I Married an Axe Murderer">So I Married an Axe Murderer</a></i> (1993) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i>Allen Ginsberg Live in London</i> (1995) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Last_Time_I_Committed_Suicide" title="The Last Time I Committed Suicide">The Last Time I Committed Suicide</a></i> (1997)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Source_(1999_film)" title="The Source (1999 film)">The Source</a></i> (1999) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="Beat_(2000_film)" title="Beat (2000 film)">Beat</a></i> (2000) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i>American Saint</i> (2001) (dramatic motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Words_of_Advice%3A_William_S._Burroughs_on_the_Road" title="Words of Advice: William S. Burroughs on the Road">Words of Advice: William S. Burroughs on the Road</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Neal_Cassady#In_film" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a></i>* (2007)</li>

<li><i>Crazy Wisdom: The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics</i> (2008) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="Howl_(2010_film)" title="Howl (2010 film)">Howl</a></i> (2010) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="William_S._Burroughs%3A_A_Man_Within" title="William S. Burroughs: A Man Within">William S. Burroughs: A Man Within</a></i> (2010) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="Magic_Trip" title="Magic Trip">Magic Trip</a></i> (2011) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="Big_Sur_(film)" title="Big Sur (film)">Big Sur</a></i> (2012) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Corso%3A_The_Last_Beat" title="Corso: The Last Beat">Corso: The Last Beat</a></i> (2012) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="On_the_Road_(2012_film)" title="On the Road (2012 film)">On the Road</a></i> (2012) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebeathotelmovie.com/">The Beat Hotel</a></i> (2012) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)">Kill Your Darlings</a></i> (2013) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Christopher_Felver" title="Christopher Felver">Ferlinghetti: A Rebirth of Wonder</a></i> (2013) (documentary)</li>

<li><i><a href="Inside_Llewyn_Davis" title="Inside Llewyn Davis">Inside Llewyn Davis</a></i> (2013) (motion picture)</li>

<li><i><a href="Queer_(film)" title="Queer (film)">William S. Burroughs' Queer</a></i> (2024) (motion picture)</li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Beat_Scene" title="Beat Scene">Beat Scene</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Beatdom" title="Beatdom"><i>Beatdom</i> Literary Journal</a></li>

<li><i><a href="European_Beat_Studies_Network_(EBSN)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Beat Studies Network (EBSN)">European Beat Studies Network (EBSN)</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Literary_Kicks" title="Literary Kicks">Literary Kicks</a></li>

<li><i><a href="San_Francisco_Oracle" title="San Francisco Oracle">San Francisco Oracle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, Canadian Beat Generation poet & songwriter</li>

<li><a href="Christopher_Felver" title="Christopher Felver">Christopher Felver</a></li>

<li><a href="Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Generation_gap" title="Generation gap">Generation gap</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Mike, <i>The Beats: from Kerouac to Kesey : an illustrated journey through the Beat Generation</i>, Running Press, Introduction</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/periods/beat.php">The Beat Generation – Literature Periods & Movements.</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCharters2001" class="citation book cs1">Charters, Ann (2001). <i>Beat Down to Your Soul: What was the Beat Generation?</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0141001518</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Charters92toc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charters92toc_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charters (1992) <i>The Portable Beat Reader</i>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ann_Charters_2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ann_Charters_2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Charters, <i>introduction</i>, to <i>Beat Down to Your Soul</i>, Penguin Books (2001) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-14100-151-7</bdi> p. xix "[...] the conclusion of the obscenity trial in San Francisco against Lawrence Ferlinghetti for publishing Ginsberg's <i>Howl and Other Poems</i> [...] in which Judge Clayton W. Horn concluded for the defendant that 'Howl' had what he called 'redeeming social content.'", p. xxxiii "After the successful <i>Howl</i> trial, outspoken and subversive literary magazines sprung up like wild mushrooms throughout the United States."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ted_Morgan_1988._p_347-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ted_Morgan_1988._p_347_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ted Morgan, <i>Literary Outlaw</i>, New York: Avon, 1988. p. 347, trade paper edition <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-380-70882-5</bdi>: "The ruling on <i>Naked Lunch</i> in effect marked the end of literary censorship in the United States."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/57467/Beat-movement">"Beat movement (American literary and social movement) – Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Beat to his socks</i>, which was once the black's most total and despairing image of poverty, was transformed into a thing called the Beat Generation..." James Baldwin, "If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me, What is it?," <i>The New York Times</i>, July 29, 1979.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The word 'beat' was primarily in use after World War II by jazz musicians and hustlers as a slang term meaning down and out, or poor and exhausted. The jazz musician Mezz Mezzrow combined it with other words, like 'dead beat' ..." Ann Charters, <i>The Portable Beat reader</i>, 1992, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-670-83885-3</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-670-83885-1</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hebert Huncke picked up the word [beat] from his show business friends on the Near North Side of Chicago, and in the fall of 1945 he introduced the word to William Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, and Jack Kerouac." <a href="Steven_Watson_(author)" title="Steven Watson (author)">Steven Watson</a>, "The Birth of the Beat Generation" (1995), p. 3, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-375-70153-2</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exuberance is much stronger in the published <i>On the Road</i>, than in its manuscript (in scroll-form). Luc Sante: "In the scroll the use of the word "holy" must be 80 percent less than in the novel, and psalmodic references to the author's unique generation are down by at least two-thirds; uses of the word "beat", for that matter, clearly favor the exhausted over the beatific." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/books/review/Sante2-t-1.html"><i>New York Times Book Review</i></a>, August 19, 2007.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, Rick, and Leslie Berlowitz. 1993. <i>Greenwich Village: Culture and Counterculture</i>. New Brunswick, N.J. Published for the Museum of the City of New York by Rutgers University Press. 167.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In this essay "Beat" includes those American poets considered avant-garde or anti-academic from c. 1955 – 1965.", Lee Hudson, "Poetics in Performance: The Beat Generation" collected in <i>Studies in interpretation, Volume 2</i>, ed Esther M. Doyle, Virginia Hastings Floyd, 1977, Rodopi, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-6203-070-X</bdi>, 9789062030705, p. 59.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... resistance is bound to occur in bringing into the academy such anti-academic writers as the Beats.", Nancy McCampbell Grace, Ronna Johnson, <i>Breaking the rule of cool: interviewing and reading women beat writers</i>, 2004, Univ. Press of Mississippi, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57806-654-9</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57806-654-4</bdi>, p. x.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Black Mountain school originated at the sometime Black Mountain College of Asheville, North Carolina, in the 1950s and gave rise to an anti-academic academy that was the center of attraction for many of the disaffiliated writers of the period, including many who were known in other contexts as the Beats or the Beat generation and the San Francisco school." Steven R. Serafin, Alfred Bendixen, <i>The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature</i>, 2005, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8264-1777-9</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8264-1777-0</bdi>, p. 901.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGenter2004" class="citation journal cs1">Genter, Robert (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25115190">""I'm Not His Father": Lionel Trilling, Allen Ginsberg, and the Contours of Literary Modernism"</a></span>. <i>College Literature</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>52. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flit.2004.0019">10.1353/lit.2004.0019</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25115190">25115190</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171033733">171033733</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_forum/question_of_the_week/archive_6.html">"Curious About Columbia?"</a>. <i>c250.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, <i>Literary Outlaw</i> (1988), pp. 163–165.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, <i>Literary Outlaw</i> (1988), pp 205–6.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDarrah, Fred W., and Gloria S. McDarrah. 1996. <i>Beat Generation: Glory Days in Greenwich Village</i>. New York: Schirmer Books.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Beard,_Rick_1993-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard,_Rick_1993_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard,_Rick_1993_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard and Berlowitz. 1993. <i>Greenwich Village</i>. "The Beat Generation in the Village." 165–198.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard and Berlowitz. 1993. <i>Greenwich Village</i>. "The Beat Generation in the Village." 170.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard and Berlowitz. 1993. <i>Greenwich Village</i>. "The Beat Generation in the Village." 178.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Austin_Statesman-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Austin_Statesman_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Beat Party Nominates Anti-Presidential Choice". July 21, 1960.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Amarillo_Globe_Times-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amarillo_Globe_Times_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Anti-Presidential Nominee Named on 5th Beat Ballot". July 21, 1960.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonah Raskin, American Scream: <i>Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" and the Making of the Beat Generation</i>: "Wally Hedrick, a painter and veteran of the Korean War, approached Ginsberg in the summer of 1955 and asked him to organize a poetry reading at the Six Gallery... At first, Ginsberg refused. But once he'd written a rough draft of <i><a href="Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a></i>, he changed his 'fucking mind,' as he put it."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWills2015" class="citation web cs1">Wills, David S. (October 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beatdom.com/sixty-years-after-the-six-gallery-reading/">"Sixty Years After the Six Gallery Reading"</a>. <i>Beatdom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsberg, Allen. <i>Howl.</i> 1986 critical edition edited by Barry Miles, <i>Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography</i> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-06-092611-2</bdi> (pbk.)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McClure, Michael. <i>Scratching the Beat Surface: Essays on New Vision from Blake to Kerouac.</i> Penguin, 1994. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-023252-4</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Mike (November 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alibi.com/art/adaptation-and-the-environmental-beat-poet-activist-gary-snyder-lands-in-albuquerque/">"Adaptation And The Environmental Beat: Poet-Activist Gary Snyder Lands In Albuquerque | Weekly Alibi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley J. Stiles, <i>Emerson's contemporaries and Kerouac's crowd: a problem of self-location</i>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8386-3960-7</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8386-3960-3</bdi>, p. 87: "Although Kerouac did not introduce Eastern religion into American culture, his writings were instrumental in popularizing Buddhism among mainstream intellectuals."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-blogspot-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blogspot_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacificnwseasons.blogspot.com/2008/09/kayak-camping-on-ross-lake-paddling-in.html">"Pacific Northwest Seasons: Ross Lake: Paddling in the Path of Beat Poets"</a>. pacificnwseasons.blogspot.com. September 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-reed-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reed_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reed.edu/reed_magazine/winter2008/features/the_beats/">"Reed Magazine: When the Beats Came Back (1/6)"</a>. reed.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-reed2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reed2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.reed.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOROOT=%2Freedhisttxt&CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=theme&CISOBOX1=Calligraphy&CISOSORT=centeb%7Cf&CISOSTART=1,21">"Reed Digital Collections : Search Results"</a>. cdm.reed.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Brenda, <i>Women of the Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists, and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution</i>, 978-1573241380, Conari Press, 1998.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKakutani2008" class="citation news cs1">Kakutani, Michiko (November 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/books/11kaku.html">"A Jack Kerouac-William S. Burroughs Collaboration: 'And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks'"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328094817/http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/Install/JASTFiles/jast27.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/Install/JASTFiles/jast27.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span> TV interview 1982 poets <a href="Hedwig_Gorski" title="Hedwig Gorski">Hedwig Gorski</a> and <a href="Robert_Creeley" title="Robert Creeley">Robert Creeley</a> discuss Beats. Special Robert Creeley issue, Turkey.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://blues.gr/profiles/blogs/an-interview-with-hedwig-gorski-a-performance-poet-and-avant">[1]</a> Interview 2013 by Greece Blues site Michalis Limnios BLUES @ GREECE.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2011" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Bill (2011). <i>The Type Writer Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation</i>. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1991" class="citation journal cs1">Prothero, Stephen (1991). "On the Holy Road: The Beat Movement as Spiritual Protest". <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>84</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>222. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000008166">10.1017/S0017816000008166</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162913767">162913767</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHemmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Hemmer, Kurt, ed. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabeat00hemm"><i>Encyclopedia of Beat Literature</i></a></span>. <a href="Facts_On_File%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File, Inc.">Facts On File, Inc.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabeat00hemm/page/n123">111</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8160-4297-5</bdi>. <q>These early books, too, are windows into the poet's efforts to find a place for his homosexual identity in the repressive pre-Stonewall United States.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHemmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Hemmer, Kurt, ed. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabeat00hemm"><i>Encyclopedia of Beat Literature</i></a></span>. Facts On File, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabeat00hemm/page/n44">32</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8160-4297-5</bdi>. <q>And then, before the end of the decade, Burroughs had gone—leaving cold-war America to escape his criminalization as a homosexual and drug addict, to begin 25 years of expatriation.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-blogspot2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blogspot2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106174932/http://notsogentlereader.blogspot.com/2009/07/hetero-and-homo-social-relationships-in.html">"Hetero- and Homo-Social Relationships in Jack Kerouac's On the Road"</a>. <i>Not-So-Gentle Reader blog</i>. July 23, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notsogentlereader.blogspot.com/2009/07/hetero-and-homo-social-relationships-in.html">the original</a> on November 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg2011" class="citation web cs1">Lundberg, John (October 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-lundberg/drugs-literature-poetry_b_1011124.html">"The Great Drug-Induced Poems"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Ginsberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jEwBwAAQBAJ&dq=allen+ginsberg+lsd+every+man+woman+child&pg=PT219"><i>The Essential Ginsberg</i></a>, Penguin UK, 2015.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatdom.com/substance-use/">"Substance Use"</a>. <i>Beatdom</i>. September 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McClure, Michael. <i>Scratching the Beat Surface</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Throughout these interviews [in <i>Spontaneous Mind</i>] Ginsberg returns to his high praise of William Blake and Walt Whitman. Ginsberg obviously loves Blake the visionary and Whitman the democratic sensualist, and indeed Ginsberg's literary personality can be construed as a union of these forces." Edmund White, <i>Arts and letters</i> (2004), p. 104, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57344-195-3</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57344-195-7</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ginsberg's intense relationship with Blake can be traced to a seemingly mystical experience he had during the summer of 1948." <i>ibid</i>, p. 104.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ted Morgan, <i>Literary Outlaw</i> (1988), p.36-37 of trade paper edition, "When Billy [William Burroughs] was thirteen, he came across a book that would have an enormous impact on his life and work. Written by someone calling himself Jack Black, <i>You Can't Win</i> was the memoir of a professional thief and drug addict."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to William Lawlor: "André Breton, the founder of surrealism and Joans's [<i><a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] mentor and friend, famously called Joans the 'only Afro-American surrealist' (qtd. by James Miller in _Dictionary of Literary Biography_ 16: 268)", p. 159, <i>Beat culture: lifestyles, icons, and impact</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85109-400-8</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85109-400-4</bdi>. Ted Joans said, "The late André Breton the founder of surrealism said that I was the only Afro-American surrealist and welcomed me to the exclusive surrealist group in Paris", p. 102, <i>For Malcolm: poems on the life and the death of Malcolm X</i>, Dudley Randall and Margaret G. Burroughs, eds, Broadside Press, Detroit, 1967. There is some question about how familiar Breton was with Afro-American literature: "If it is true that the late André Breton, a founder of the surrealist movement, considered Ted Joans the only Afro-American surrealist, he had not read Kaufman; at any rate, Breton had much to learn about Afro-American poetry." Bernard W. Bell, "The Debt to Black Music", <i>Black World/Negro Digest</i> March 1973, p. 86.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Ginsberg commented: "His interest in techniques of surreal composition notoriously antedates mine and surpasses my practice ... I authoritatively declare Lamantia an American original, soothsayer even as Poe, genius in the language of Whitman, native companion and teacher to myself." Allen Ginsberg, Bill Morgan, <i>Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952–1995</i>, p. 442, "Philip Lamantia, Lamantia As Forerunner", HarperCollins, 2001, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780060930813</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Miles,_Ginsberg-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles,_Ginsberg_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (2001) <i>Ginsberg</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 'Author's Introduction,' which is included in <i>Lonesome Traveler</i> (1960), Kerouac ... goes on to mention Jack London, William Saroyan, and Ernest Hemingway as early influences and mentions Thomas Wolfe as a subsequent influence." William Lawlor, <i>Beat culture: lifestyles, icons, and impact</i>, 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85109-400-8</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85109-400-4</bdi> p. 153. "And if one considers The Legend of Dulouz, one must acknowledge the influence of Marcel Proust. Like Proust, Kerouac makes his powerful memory the source of much of his writing and again like Proust, Kerouac envisions his life's literary output as one great book." Lawlor, p. 154.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGarton-Gundling" class="citation web cs1">Garton-Gundling, Kyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226061806/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Beat+Buddhism+and+American+freedom.-a0492538902">"Beat Buddhism and American freedom"</a>. <i>thefreelibrary.com</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Beat+Buddhism+and+American+freedom.-a0492538902">the original</a> on December 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, R. A. (2022). Counterculture of the 1960s. <i>Salem Press Encyclopedia</i>. </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsberg, Allen <i>A Definition of the Beat Generation,</i> from <i>Friction, 1</i> (Winter 1982), revised for <i>Beat Culture and the New America: 1950–1965</i>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHerb_Caen1997" class="citation web cs1">Herb Caen (February 6, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/1997/02/06/MN18715.DTL">"Pocketful of Notes"</a>. <i><a href="San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. sfgate.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite>

"...<i><a href="Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a></i> magazine, preparing a picture spread on S.F.'s Beat Generation (oh, no, not AGAIN!), hosted a party in a No. Beach house for 50 Beatniks, and by the time word got around the sour grapevine, over 250 bearded cats and kits were on hand, slopping up Mike Cowles' free booze. They're only Beat, know, when it comes to work ..."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William T. Lawlor (ed.), <i>Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons and Impact,</i> p. 309.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur and Kit Knight (ed.), <i>The Beat Vision,</i> New York: Paragon House, 1987, p. 281.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsberg, <i>Howl: Original Draft Facsimile</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tracing his definition of the term <i>Beat</i> to the fulfillments offered by <i>beatitude</i>, Kerouac scorned sensationalistic phrases like 'Beat mutiny' and 'Beat insurrection,' which were being repeated <i>ad nauseam</i> in media accounts. 'Being a Catholic,' he told conservative journalist William F. Buckley, Jr. in a late-sixties television appearance, 'I believe in order, tenderness, and piety,'" David Sterritt, <i>Screening the Beats: media culture and the Beat sensibility</i>, 2004, p. 25, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8093-2563-2</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8093-2563-4</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Ed Sanders</a> said in an interview in the film <i>The Source</i> (1999) (at the 1hr 17secs point) that he observed the change immediately after the 1967 <a href="Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a> event: "And right after the Be-In all of a sudden you were no longer a beatnik, you were a hippie." Similar remarks by Sanders: an interview with Jessa Piaia in <i>SQUAWK Magazine</i>, Issue #55, commented: "I've begun Tales of Beatnik Glory, Volume 3. Set in the Hippie era, it defines that delicate time when reporters no longer called us 'Beatnik,' but started to call us 'Hippie.'", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.angelfire.com/music/squawk/eds2.html">https://www.angelfire.com/music/squawk/eds2.html</a>; "There was a big article January of 1966, on page one of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, under the heading 'Beatnik Leader Wants Marijuana.' It was just before "hippie" replaced 'Beatnik.'" Ed Sanders, Larry Smith, Ingrid Swanberg, <i>D.A. Levy & the mimeograph revolution</i> (2007).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gore Vidal quotes Ginsberg speaking of Kerouac: "'You know around 1968, when we were all protesting the Vietnam War, Jack wrote me that the war was just an excuse for 'you Jews to be spiteful again.'" Gore Vidal, <i>Palimpsest: A Memoir</i>, 1995, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-679-44038-0</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see the meaning of "cool" as explained in the Del Close, John Brant spoken word album <a href="How_to_Speak_Hip" title="How to Speak Hip">How to Speak Hip</a> from 1959.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Ginsberg comments on this in the film "The Source" (1999); Gary Snyder discusses the issue in a 1974 interview, collected in <i>The Beat Vision</i> (1987), Paragon House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-913729-40-X</bdi>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-913729-41-8</bdi> (pbk), edited by Arthur Winfield Knight: "... the next key point was Castro taking over Cuba. The apolitical quality of Beat's thought changed with that. It sparked quite a discussion and quite a dialogue; many people had been basic pacifists with considerable disillusion with Marxian revolutionary rhetoric. At the time of Castro's victory, it had to be rethought again. Here was a revolution that had used violence and that was a good thing. Many people abandoned the pacifist position at that time or at least began to give more thought to it. In any case, many people began to look to politics again as having possibilities. From that follows, at least on some levels, the beginning of civil rights activism, which leads through our one whole chain of events: the Movement.<br><br>We had little confidence in our power to make any long-range or significant changes. That <i>was</i> the 50s, you see. It seemed that bleak. So our choices seemed entirely personal existential lifetime choices that there was no guarantee that we would have any audience, or anybody would listen to us; but it was a moral decision, a moral poetic decision. Then Castro changed things, then Martin Luther King changed things ..."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pynchon, Thomas. <i>Slow Learner.</i> Vintage Classics, 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-09-953251-4</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sterling also identifies [in <i>Mirroshades</i> (1986)] postmodernist authors Thomas Pynchon and William S. Burroughs as forerunners of cyberpunk." Keith Booker, Anne-Marie Thomas, <i>The Science Fiction Handbook</i>, 2009, p. 111, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4051-6205-8</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4051-6205-0</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... it should hardly be surprising that to discover that the work of William S Burroughs had a profound impact on both punk music and cyberpunk science fiction." Larry McCaffery, <i>Storming the reality studio: a casebook of cyberpunk and postmodern science fiction</i>, 1991, p. 305.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cyberpunk writers acknowledge their literary debt to Burroughs and Pynchon, as well as to New Wave writers from the 1960s and 1970s such as J. G. Ballard and Samuel Delany.", Jenny Wolmark, <i>Aliens and others: science fiction, feminism, and postmodernism</i>, 1994, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87745-447-7</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87745-447-2</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"(LeRoi Jones) ... is best known as a major cultural leader, one of the African American writers who galvanized a second Black Renaissance, the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s ..." – page xi, "Preface", Komozi Woodard, <i>A nation within a nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black power politics</i> (1999, UNC Press), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8078-4761-5</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8078-4761-9</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Saul. <i>Said the Shotgun to the Head.</i> MTV, 2003, p.184, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7434-7079-6</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"During the eighties, Ginsberg used his position as director of the writing department at Naropa, introduced his classes to the wide range of literature of the Beat Generation. Many of his students became poets and educators and are grouped under an entirely new category that has been labeled Postbeat Poets." Bill Morgan, William Morgan, <i>The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation</i>, 2010, p. 245, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4165-9242-3</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4165-9242-6</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... the name Beatles comes from 'Beat' ..." Regina Weinreich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/11/style/11iht-bookthu.t.html?pagewanted=1">"Books: The Birth of the Beat Generation"</a>, <i>The Sunday New York Times Book Review</i>, January 11, 1996; a review of Steven Watson's <i>THE BIRTH OF THE BEAT GENERATION: Visionaries, Rebels, and Hipsters 1944–1960</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis Amburn describes a telephone conversation with Jack Kerouac: "John Lennon subsequently contacted Kerouac, revealing that the band's name was derived from 'Beat.' 'He was sorry he hadn't come to see me when they played Queens,' Kerouac said, referring to the Beatles Shea Stadium concert in 1965." Amburn, Ellis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bN0PJn6VCNIC&q=Lennon"><i>Subterranean Kerouac: The Hidden Life of Jack Kerouac</i></a>, p. 342, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-312-20677-1</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeidman2015" class="citation book cs1">Weidman, Rich (2015). <i>The Beat Generation FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Angelheaded Hipsters</i>. Backbeat Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wills, D. "Father & Son: Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan," in Wills, D. (ed.), <i>Beatdom Vol. 1</i> (Mauling Press: Dundee, 2007), pp. 90–93</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWills2007" class="citation web cs1">Wills, David S. (July 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beatdom.com/allen-ginsberg-and-bob-dylan/">"Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan"</a>. <i>Beatdom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" As Ray Manzarek recalls when Morrison was studying at UCLA: 'He certainly had a substantial investment in books. They filled an entire wall of his apartment. His reading was very eclectic. It was typical of the early- to mid-sixties hipster student. [...] And lots of Beatniks. We wanted to _be_ beatniks. But we were too young. We came a little too late, but we were worshippers of the Beat Generation. All the Beat writers filled Morrison's shelves [...]' (Manzarek 1999, 77)" Sheila Whiteley, <i>Too much too young: popular music, age and gender</i> (2005, Routledge)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2014" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Graham (2014). <i>Soft Machine: Out-Bloody-Rageous</i>. Syzygy. p. 70. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9-7-8-90-822792-0-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk/MagSitePages/Article/3091/Tom-Waits-The-Pursuit-of-the-Beats">"Tom Waits – The Pursuit of the Beats"</a>. <i>www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1980" class="citation news cs1">Holden, Stephen (May 19, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/427202678">"Sounds Around Town"</a>. <i><a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/427202678">427202678</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Cahill2004" class="citation journal cs1">Greg Cahill (November 24–30, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bohemian.com/northbay/mark-sandman/Content?oid=2179959">"Mark Sandman"</a>. <i>North Bay Bohemian</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/Aztec-Two-Step-Aztec-Two-Step/release/2343866">"Aztec Two-Step"</a>. <a href="Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a>. 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bono comments approvingly on the Burroughs cut up method: "That's what the Burroughs cut up method is all about. You cut up the past to find the future." As quoted by John Geiger in <i>Nothing is true – everything is permitted: the life of Brion Gysin</i>, p. 273, attributed to John Waters, <i>Race of the Angels: The Genesis of U2</i> (London, Fourth Estate, 1994), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85702-210-6</bdi> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1857022100</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... author WILLIAM S. BURROUGHS, 84, whose nihilistic novels have influenced U2 front man BONO ... ", Martha Pickerill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027125303/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986451,00.html"><i>Time</i></a>, June 2, 1997.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The next video, <i>Last Night on Earth</i> was shot in Kansas City, with beat author William S. Burroughs making a cameo." p. 96 David Kootnikoff, <i>U2: A Musical Biography</i> (2010) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-313-36523-7</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-313-36523-2</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1982" class="citation news cs1">Browning, Boo (July 29, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/07/29/homage-to-the-gurus-of-beat/e11eccef-a822-4ebf-94a3-397d7439e6c8/">"Homage to the Gurus of Beat"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1982" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Robert (July 14, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/14/arts/the-pop-life-013588.html">"The Pop Life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collected in <i>The Norman Podhoretz Reader</i> by Norman Podhoretz, Thomas L. Jeffers, Paul Johnson. Free Press, 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4165-6830-8</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In: <i>Spontaneous Mind</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsberg, Allen, <i>Spontaneous Mind: Selected Interviews, 1958–1996,</i> p. 5, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-06-093082-9</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Knight,_Arthur_Winfield_1987-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight,_Arthur_Winfield_1987_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Arthur Winfield. Ed. <i>The Beat Vision</i> (1987), Paragon House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-913729-40-X</bdi>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-913729-41-8</bdi> (pbk).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Charters01-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charters01_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charters (2001) <i>Beat Down to Your Soul</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2003" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, Manuel Luis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PetNsyuGKAMC"><i>Countering the Counterculture: Rereading Postwar American Dissent from Jack Kerouac to Tomás Rivera</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 52. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780299192839</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lerner, Richard and Lewis MacAdams, directors "What Ever Happened to Kerouac?" (1985).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, Glen <i>Great Poets Howl: A Study of Allen Ginsberg's Poetry, 1943–1955</i>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-8204-7761-6</bdi>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Ann_Charters" title="Ann Charters">Charters, Ann</a> (ed.) (1992) <i>The Portable Beat Reader</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-670-83885-3</bdi> (hc); <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-015102-8</bdi> (pbk). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780142437537,00.html?sym=TAB">table of contents is online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222171406/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780142437537,00.html?sym=TAB">Archived</a> December 22, 2008, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Ann_Charters" title="Ann Charters">Charters, Ann</a> (ed.) (2001) <i>Beat Down to Your Soul: What Was the Beat Generation?</i> NY: Penguin, 2001. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-100151-8</bdi></li>

<li>Knight, Arthur Winfield. Ed. <i>The Beat Vision</i> (1987) Paragon House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-913729-40-X</bdi>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-913729-41-8</bdi> (pbk)</li>

<li>Knight, Brenda. <i>Women of the Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists, and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-57324-138-5</bdi></li>

<li>McClure, Michael. <i>Scratching the Beat Surface: Essays on New Vision from Blake to Kerouac</i>. Penguin, 1994. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-023252-4</bdi></li>

<li>Miles, Barry (2001). <i>Ginsberg: A Biography</i>. London: Virgin Publishing Ltd., paperback, 628 pages, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7535-0486-3</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Ted_Morgan_(writer)" title="Ted Morgan (writer)">Morgan, Ted</a> (1983) <i>Literary Outlaw The Life and Times of William S. Burroughs.</i> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-380-70882-5</bdi>, first printing, trade paperback edition Avon, NY, NY</li>

<li>Phillips, Lisa. <i>Beat Culture and the New America 1950–1965</i> was published by the Whitney Museum of American Art in accordance with an exhibition in 1995/1996. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87427-098-7</bdi> softcover. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2-08-013613-5</bdi> hardcover (Flammarion)</li>

<li>Raskin, Jonah. <i>American Scream: Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" and the Making of the Beat Generation</i>. University of California Press, 2004. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-24015-4</bdi></li>

<li>Starer, Jacqueline. Les écrivains de la Beat Generation éditions d'écarts Dol de Bretagne France. 1SBN 978-2-919121-02-1</li>

<li>Weidner, Chad. <i>The Green Ghost: William Burroughs and the Ecological Mind</i>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016. 1SBN 978-0809334865</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Larry_Beckett" title="Larry Beckett">Beckett, Larry</a>, <i>Beat Poetry</i>. Edinburgh: Beatdom Books. 2012. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780956952530</bdi>.</li>

<li>Campbell, James. <i>This Is the Beat Generation: New York–San Francisco-Paris</i>. LA: University of California Press. 2001. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-23033-7</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Raj_Chandarlapaty" title="Raj Chandarlapaty">Chandarlapaty, Raj</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzOXDwAAQBAJ"><i>Seeing the Beat Generation</i></a>. <a href="Jefferson%2C_North_Carolina" title="Jefferson, North Carolina">Jefferson, NC</a>: <a href="McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>, 2019. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1476675756</bdi></li>

<li>Collins, Ronald & Skover, David. <i>Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution</i> (Top-Five Books, March 2013)</li>

<li>Cook, Bruce <i>The Beat Generation: The tumultuous '50s movement and its impact on today</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-684-12371-1</bdi>.</li>

<li>Gifford, Barry and Lawrence Lee<i> Jack's Book An Oral Biography Of Jack Kerouac</i>, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-312-43942-3</bdi></li>

<li>Gorski, Hedwig. * <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328094817/http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/Install/JASTFiles/jast27.pdf">[2]</a> Robert Creeley 1982 TV Interview with Hedwig Gorski transcript included in special Robert Creeley Issue, Journal of American Studies of Turkey (JAST), No. 27, Spring 2008.</li>

<li>Grace, Nancy <i>Jack Kerouac and the Literary Imagination</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4039-6850-0</bdi></li>

<li>Hemmer, Kurt (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Beat Literature</i>. Facts on File, 2006. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8160-4297-7</bdi></li>

<li>Hrebeniak, Michael. <i>Action Writing: Jack Kerouac's Wild Form</i>, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.</li>

<li>Johnson, Ronna C. and <a href="Nancy_McCampbell_Grace" title="Nancy McCampbell Grace">Nancy Grace</a>. <i>Girls Who Wore Black: Women Writing the Beat Generation</i>. Rutgers, 2002. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-813-53064-4</bdi></li>

<li>Knight, Brenda. <i>Women of the Beat Generation; The Writers, Artists, and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution</i>. Conari Press, 1996. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1573240613</bdi> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1573240611</bdi></li>

<li>Lawlor, William, <i>Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact</i>, Santa Barbara: Bloomsbury Academic, 2005 ISBN 9781851094004</li>

<li>McDarrah, Fred W., and Gloria S. McDarrah. <i>Beat Generation: Glory Days in Greenwich Village</i> Schirmer Books (September 1996) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8256-7160-4</bdi></li>

<li>McNally, Dennis. <i>Desolate Angel: Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation, and America</i>. NY: DeCapo, 2003. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-306-81222-3</bdi></li>

<li>Miles, Barry. <i>The Beat Hotel: Ginsberg, Burroughs & Corso in Paris, 1957–1963</i>. NY: Grove Press, 2001. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8021-3817-9</bdi></li>

<li>Peabody, Richard. <i>A Different Beat: Writing by Women of the Beat Generation</i>. Serpent's Tail, 1997. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1852424311</bdi> / <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1852424312</bdi></li>

<li>Sargeant, Jack. <i><a href="Naked_Lens%3A_Beat_Cinema" title="Naked Lens: Beat Cinema">Naked Lens: Beat Cinema</a></i>. NY: Soft Skull, 2009 (third edition)</li>

<li>Sanders, Ed. <i>Tales of Beatnik Glory</i> (second edition, 1990) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8065-1172-9</bdi></li>

<li>Theado, Matt (ed.). <i>The Beats: A Literary Reference</i>. NY: Carrol & Graff, 2002. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7867-1099-3</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Watson_(author)" title="Steven Watson (author)">Watson, Steven</a>. <i>The Birth of the Beat Generation: Visionaries, Rebels, and Hipsters, 1944–1960</i>. NY: Pantheon, 1998. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-375-70153-2</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_resources">Archival resources</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf200001v2/">Gregory Corso Papers, 1981–1990</a> (1.5 linear feet) are housed at the <a href="Stanford_University_Libraries" title="Stanford University Libraries">Stanford University Libraries</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5p3004sf/">Lawrence Ferlinghetti Papers, 1919–2003</a> (circa 28 linear feet) are housed at the <a href="Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">Bancroft Library</a>, <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3199n6sr/">Photographs from the Lawrence Ferlinghetti Papers, circa 1935-circa 1990</a> (circa 345 photographs) are housed at the <a href="University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> <a href="Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">Bancroft Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5c6004hb/">Allen Ginsberg Papers, 1937–1994</a> (circa 1,000 linear feet) are housed at <a href="Stanford_University_Libraries" title="Stanford University Libraries">Stanford University Libraries</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/ead/479">Jack Kerouac Papers, 1920–1977, bulk (1935–1969)</a> (22.5 linear feet) are housed at the <a href="New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> <a href="Henry_W._and_Albert_A._Berg_Collection_of_English_and_American_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature">Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079081">Finding aid to Beat poets and poetry collection at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beat_Generation" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040207145948/http://emptymirrorbooks.com/beats.html">Biographies of Beat Generation writers, artists, & poets</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/Beat">Beat Poetry, Broadsides and Little Magazines Digital Collection: Utah State University</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Schools_of_poetry207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Schools</a> of <a href="Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Akhmatova's_Orphans" title="Akhmatova's Orphans">Akhmatova's Orphans</a></li>

<li><a href="Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li>

<li><a href="Auden_Group" title="Auden Group">Auden Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Mountain_poets" title="Black Mountain poets">Black Mountain poets</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Poetry_Revival" title="British Poetry Revival">British Poetry Revival</a></li>

<li><a href="Cairo_poets" title="Cairo poets">Cairo poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalier_poet" title="Cavalier poet">Cavalier poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhayavaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhayavaad">Chhayavaad</a></li>

<li><a href="Graveyard_poets" title="Graveyard poets">Churchyard poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptismo" title="Conceptismo">Conceptismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Confessional_poetry" title="Confessional poetry">Confessionalists</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a></li>

<li><a href="Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Culteranismo" title="Culteranismo">Culteranismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclic_Poets" title="Cyclic Poets">Cyclic Poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_image" title="Deep image">Deep image</a></li>

<li><a href="Della_Cruscans" title="Della Cruscans">Della Cruscans</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></li>

<li><a href="Dymock_poets" title="Dymock poets">Dymock poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_poets_of_Elan" class="mw-redirect" title="The poets of Elan">The poets of Elan</a></li>

<li><a href="Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Fugitives_(poets)" title="Fugitives (poets)">Fugitives</a></li>

<li><a href="Garip" title="Garip">Garip</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistori_del_Gay_Saber" title="Consistori del Gay Saber">Gay Saber</a></li>

<li><a href="Generation_of_'27" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a></li>

<li>Generation of the '30s</li>

<li><a href="Generation_of_'98" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian poets">Georgian poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Group_(literature)" title="The Group (literature)">The Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard_Aesthetes" title="Harvard Aesthetes">Harvard Aesthetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li>

<li><a href="Informationist_poetry" title="Informationist poetry">Informationist poetry</a></li>

<li>İkinci Yeni</li>

<li><a href="Jindyworobak_Movement" title="Jindyworobak Movement">Jindyworobaks</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Marinism" title="Marinism">Marinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Martian_poetry" title="Martian poetry">Martian poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">Misty Poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Movement_(literature)" title="The Movement (literature)">The Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neotericism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">New American Poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Apocalyptics" title="New Apocalyptics">New Apocalyptics</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Formalism" title="New Formalism">New Formalism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li>

<li><a href="Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li>

<li><a href="Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivists</a></li>

<li><a href="Others_(art_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Others (art group)">Others</a></li>

<li><a href="Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassian poets</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a></li>

<li><a href="Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">Précieuses</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhymers'_Club" title="Rhymers' Club">Rhymers' Club</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Spasmodic_poets" title="Spasmodic poets">Spasmodic poets</a></li>

<li><a href="Sung_poetry" title="Sung poetry">Sung poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranian poetry">Uranian poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Zutiste" title="Zutiste">Zutiste</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APoetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allen_Ginsberg74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Allen_Ginsberg74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry<br>collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Howl_and_Other_Poems" title="Howl and Other Poems">Howl and Other Poems</a></i> (1956)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kaddish_and_Other_Poems" title="Kaddish and Other Poems">Kaddish and Other Poems</a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="Reality_Sandwiches" title="Reality Sandwiches">Reality Sandwiches</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="Planet_News" title="Planet News">Planet News</a></i> (1968)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Fall_of_America%3A_Poems_of_These_States" title="The Fall of America: Poems of These States">The Fall of America: Poems of These States</a></i> (1973)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mind_Breaths" title="Mind Breaths">Mind Breaths</a></i> (1978)</li>

<li><i><a href="White_Shroud_Poems" title="White Shroud Poems">White Shroud Poems</a>: 1980–1985</i> (1986)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Pull_My_Daisy_(poem)" title="Pull My Daisy (poem)">Pull My Daisy</a>" (late 1940s)</li>

<li>"<a href="A_Supermarket_in_California" title="A Supermarket in California">A Supermarket in California</a>" (1956)</li>

<li>"<a href="America_(poem)" title="America (poem)">America</a>" (1956)</li>

<li>"<a href="Kaddish_(poem)" title="Kaddish (poem)">Kaddish</a>" (1961)</li>

<li>"<a href="Wichita_Vortex_Sutra" title="Wichita Vortex Sutra">Wichita Vortex Sutra</a>" (1966)</li>

<li>"<a href="September_on_Jessore_Road" title="September on Jessore Road">September on Jessore Road</a>" (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Iron_Horse_(poem)" title="Iron Horse (poem)">Iron Horse</a></i> (1973)</li>

<li>"<a href="Hadda_Be_Playing_on_the_Jukebox" title="Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox">Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox</a>" (1975)</li>

<li>"<a href="Plutonian_Ode" title="Plutonian Ode">Plutonian Ode</a>" (1978)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Yage_Letters" title="The Yage Letters">The Yage Letters</a></i> (1963, letters)</li>

<li><i><a href="Songs_of_Innocence_and_Experience_(Allen_Ginsberg_album)" title="Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)">Songs of Innocence and Experience</a></i> (1970 album)</li>

<li><i><a href="Deliberate_Prose" title="Deliberate Prose">Deliberate Prose</a> 1952–1995</i> (2000, essays)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Pull_My_Daisy" title="Pull My Daisy">Pull My Daisy</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="Life_and_Times_of_Allen_Ginsberg" title="Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg">Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg</a></i> (1993)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Source_(1999_film)" title="The Source (1999 film)">The Source</a></i> (1999)</li>

<li><i><a href="Allen_Ginsberg_Live_in_London" title="Allen Ginsberg Live in London">Allen Ginsberg Live in London</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Corso%3A_The_Last_Beat" title="Corso: The Last Beat">Corso: The Last Beat</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="I'm_Not_There" title="I'm Not There">I'm Not There</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="Chicago_10_(film)" title="Chicago 10 (film)"><i>Chicago 10</i></a> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Chicago_Seven#Film" title="Chicago Seven">The Chicago 8</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)"> Kill Your Darlings</a></i> (2013)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Six_Gallery_reading" title="Six Gallery reading">Six Gallery reading</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Hydrogen_Jukebox" title="Hydrogen Jukebox">Hydrogen Jukebox</a></i></li>

<li><a href="International_Poetry_Incarnation" title="International Poetry Incarnation">International Poetry Incarnation</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Beat_Hotel" title="Beat Hotel">Beat Hotel</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Peter_Orlovsky" title="Peter Orlovsky">Peter Orlovsky</a> (partner)</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Ginsberg" title="Louis Ginsberg">Louis Ginsberg</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a></li>

<li><a href="Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jack_Kerouac99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jack_Kerouac99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><a href="Jack_Kerouac_bibliography" title="Jack Kerouac bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Sea_Is_My_Brother" title="The Sea Is My Brother">The Sea Is My Brother</a></i> (1942)</li>

<li><i><a href="And_the_Hippos_Were_Boiled_in_Their_Tanks" title="And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks">And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</a></i> (1945/2008; with <a href="William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Subterraneans" title="The Subterraneans">The Subterraneans</a></i> (1958)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Dharma_Bums" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a></i> (1958)</li>

<li><i><a href="Doctor_Sax" title="Doctor Sax">Doctor Sax</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="Maggie_Cassidy" title="Maggie Cassidy">Maggie Cassidy</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_Dreams_(novel)" title="Book of Dreams (novel)">Book of Dreams</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tristessa" title="Tristessa">Tristessa</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Visions_of_Cody" title="Visions of Cody">Visions of Cody</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Lonesome_Traveler" title="Lonesome Traveler">Lonesome Traveler</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Visions_of_Gerard" title="Visions of Gerard">Visions of Gerard</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="Desolation_Angels_(novel)" title="Desolation Angels (novel)">Desolation Angels</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="Satori_in_Paris" title="Satori in Paris">Satori in Paris</a></i> (1966)</li>

<li><i><a href="Vanity_of_Duluoz" title="Vanity of Duluoz">Vanity of Duluoz</a></i> (1968)</li>

<li><i><a href="Orpheus_Emerged" title="Orpheus Emerged">Orpheus Emerged</a></i> (2002)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pull_My_Daisy_(poem)" title="Pull My Daisy (poem)"><i>Pull My Daisy</i></a> (late 1940s)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mexico_City_Blues" title="Mexico City Blues">Mexico City Blues</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Scripture_of_the_Golden_Eternity" title="The Scripture of the Golden Eternity">The Scripture of the Golden Eternity</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Scattered_Poems" title="Scattered Poems">Scattered Poems</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Angel_Midnight" title="Old Angel Midnight">Old Angel Midnight</a></i> (1973)</li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_Haikus" title="Book of Haikus">Book of Haikus</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_Sketches" title="Book of Sketches">Book of Sketches</a></i> (2006)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Beat_Generation_(play)" title="Beat Generation (play)">Beat Generation</a></i> (2005)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Atop_an_Underwood" title="Atop an Underwood">Atop an Underwood</a></i> (1991)</li>

<li><i><a href="Good_Blonde_%26_Others" title="Good Blonde & Others">Good Blonde & Others</a></i> (1993)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Poetry_for_the_Beat_Generation" title="Poetry for the Beat Generation">Poetry for the Beat Generation</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="Blues_and_Haikus" title="Blues and Haikus">Blues and Haikus</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Readings_by_Jack_Kerouac_on_the_Beat_Generation" title="Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation">Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i>The Jack Kerouac Collection</i> (1990)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kerouac%3A_Kicks_Joy_Darkness" title="Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness">Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness</a></i> (1997)</li>

<li><i><a href="Jack_Kerouac_Reads_On_the_Road" title="Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road">Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road</a></i> (1999)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Pull_My_Daisy" title="Pull My Daisy">Pull My Daisy</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Subterraneans_(film)" title="The Subterraneans (film)">The Subterraneans</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Heart_Beat_(film)" title="Heart Beat (film)">Heart Beat</a></i> (1980)</li>

<li><i><a href="Love_Always%2C_Carolyn" title="Love Always, Carolyn">Love Always, Carolyn</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)">Kill Your Darlings</a></i> (2013)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Moody_Street_Irregulars" title="Moody Street Irregulars">Moody Street Irregulars</a></i> (1978–1992)</li>

<li><i><a href="Minor_Characters" title="Minor Characters">Minor Characters</a></i> (1987)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jan_Kerouac" title="Jan Kerouac">Jan Kerouac (daughter)</a></li>

<li><a href="Edie_Parker" title="Edie Parker">Edie Parker (first wife)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a></li>

<li><a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a></li>

<li><a href="William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a></li>

<li><a href="Joyce_Johnson_(author)" title="Joyce Johnson (author)">Joyce Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolyn_Cassady" title="Carolyn Cassady">Carolyn Cassady</a></li>

<li><a href="Alene_Lee" title="Alene Lee">Alene Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Kerouac_School" title="Jack Kerouac School">Jack Kerouac School</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Kerouac_Alley" title="Jack Kerouac Alley">Jack Kerouac Alley</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kerouac%2C_Then_and_Now" title="Kerouac, Then and Now">Kerouac, Then and Now</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_S._Burroughs167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="William_S._Burroughs167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="William_S._Burroughs_bibliography" title="William S. Burroughs bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels and novellas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="And_the_Hippos_Were_Boiled_in_Their_Tanks" title="And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks">And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Junkie_(novel)" title="Junkie (novel)">Junkie</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Queer_(novel)" title="Queer (novel)">Queer</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Soft_Machine" title="The Soft Machine">The Soft Machine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ticket_That_Exploded" title="The Ticket That Exploded">The Ticket That Exploded</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dead_Fingers_Talk" title="Dead Fingers Talk">Dead Fingers Talk</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nova_Express" title="Nova Express">Nova Express</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Last_Words_of_Dutch_Schultz" title="The Last Words of Dutch Schultz">The Last Words of Dutch Schultz</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Port_of_Saints" title="Port of Saints">Port of Saints</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Blade_Runner_(a_movie)" title="Blade Runner (a movie)">Blade Runner (a movie)</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cities_of_the_Red_Night" title="Cities of the Red Night">Cities of the Red Night</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ghost_of_Chance" title="Ghost of Chance">Ghost of Chance</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Place_of_Dead_Roads" title="The Place of Dead Roads">The Place of Dead Roads</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Western_Lands" title="The Western Lands">The Western Lands</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="My_Education%3A_A_Book_of_Dreams" title="My Education: A Book of Dreams">My Education: A Book of Dreams</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Cat_Inside" title="The Cat Inside">The Cat Inside</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Interzone_(book)" title="Interzone (book)">Interzone</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Exterminator!" title="Exterminator!">Exterminator!</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tornado_Alley_(book)" title="Tornado Alley (book)">Tornado Alley</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Third_Mind" title="The Third Mind">The Third Mind</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essay collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Electronic_Revolution" title="The Electronic Revolution">The Electronic Revolution</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Third_Mind" title="The Third Mind">The Third Mind</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ali's_Smile" title="Ali's Smile">Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Adding_Machine%3A_Collected_Essays" title="The Adding Machine: Collected Essays">The Adding Machine: Collected Essays</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Yage_Letters" title="The Yage Letters">The Yage Letters</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Job%3A_Interviews_with_William_S._Burroughs" title="The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs">The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Last_Words%3A_The_Final_Journals_of_William_S._Burroughs" title="Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs">Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recordings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Call_Me_Burroughs" title="Call Me Burroughs">Call Me Burroughs</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dead_City_Radio" title="Dead City Radio">Dead City Radio</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="You're_the_Guy_I_Want_to_Share_My_Money_With" title="You're the Guy I Want to Share My Money With">You're the Guy I Want to Share My Money With</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spare_Ass_Annie_and_Other_Tales" title="Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales">Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_%22Priest%22_They_Called_Him" title="The "Priest" They Called Him">The "Priest" They Called Him</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Seven_Souls" title="Seven Souls">Seven Souls</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="World_Turning_(album)" title="World Turning (album)">Tony Trischka</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Beat_Hotel" title="Beat Hotel">Beat Hotel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Burroughs_(film)" title="Burroughs (film)"><i>Burroughs</i> (film)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Black_Rider" title="The Black Rider">The Black Rider</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Junky's_Christmas" title="The Junky's Christmas">The Junky's Christmas</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Valley_(suite)" title="The Valley (suite)">The Valley</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Naked_Lunch_(film)" title="Naked Lunch (film)"><i>Naked Lunch</i> (film)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Words_of_Advice%3A_William_S._Burroughs_on_the_Road" title="Words of Advice: William S. Burroughs on the Road">Words of Advice: William S. Burroughs on the Road</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Corso%3A_The_Last_Beat" title="Corso: The Last Beat">Corso: The Last Beat</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="William_S._Burroughs%3A_A_Man_Within" title="William S. Burroughs: A Man Within">William S. Burroughs: A Man Within</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kill_Your_Darlings_(2013_film)" title="Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)">Kill Your Darlings</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Queer_(film)" title="Queer (film)"><i>Queer</i> (film)</a></li>

<li><a href="23_enigma" title="23 enigma">23 enigma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joan_Vollmer" title="Joan Vollmer">Joan Vollmer (wife)</a></li>

<li><a href="William_S._Burroughs_Jr." title="William S. Burroughs Jr.">William S. Burroughs Jr. (son)</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Seward_Burroughs_I" title="William Seward Burroughs I">William Seward Burroughs I (grandfather)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucien_Carr" title="Lucien Carr">Lucien Carr</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Grauerholz" title="James Grauerholz">James Grauerholz</a></li>

<li><a href="Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Brion_Gysin" title="Brion Gysin">Brion Gysin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="United_States565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2016–present)">2016–present</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li>

<li>Civil rights movement

<li><a href="Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li>

<li><a href="American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li>

<li><a href="Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBTQ Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>

<li><a href="September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li>

<li><a href="War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a>

<ul><li><a href="War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li>

<li><a href="County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li>

<li><a href="Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li>

<li><a href="Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a>

<ul><li><a href="East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li>

<li><a href="Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li>

<li><a href="New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Longest <a href="List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li>

<li><a href="Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li>

<li><a href="Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li>

<li><a href="Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a>

<ul><li><a href="Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a>

<li><a href="Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_United_States_representatives" title="List of current United States representatives">current members</a></li>

<li><a href="Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li>

<li><a href="President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li>

<li><a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Government_Accountability_Office" title="United States Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>

<li><a href="United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br><a href="Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br>and <a href="Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a>

<li><a href="Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a>

<li><a href="Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li>

<li><a href="State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li>

<li><a href="State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li>

<li><a href="State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li>

<li><a href="State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li>

<li><a href="State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li>

<li><a href="County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li>

<li><a href="Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li>

<li><a href="Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li>

<li><a href="City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li>

<li><a href="City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li>

<li><a href="Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="School_district" title="School district">School district</a>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li>

<li><a href="American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a>

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li>

<li><a href="National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li>

<li><a href="Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li>

<li><a href="Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li>

<li><a href="Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a>

<ul><li><a href="Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li>

<li><a href="American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li>

<li><a href="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a>

<ul><li><a href="Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li>

<li><a href="American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li>

<li><a href="Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li>

<li><a href="Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li>

<li><a href="Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li>

<li><a href="Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a>

<ul><li><a href="Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>

Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Youth_empowerment102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Youth_empowerment102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Youth_empowerment" title="Youth empowerment">Youth empowerment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolving_capacities" title="Evolving capacities">Evolving capacities</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Leaving_the_nest" title="Leaving the nest">Leaving the nest</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_voice" title="Student voice">Student voice</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth-adult_partnership" title="Youth-adult partnership">Youth-adult partnership</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_mainstreaming" title="Youth mainstreaming">Youth mainstreaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_voice" title="Youth voice">Youth voice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_youth_development" title="Community youth development">Community youth development</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li>

<li><a href="Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Positive youth development</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li>

<li><a href="Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_rights_in_higher_education" title="Student rights in higher education">Student rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Teen_court" title="Teen court">Teen court</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth activism</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_council" title="Youth council">Youth council</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_engagement" title="Youth engagement">Youth engagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_leadership" title="Youth leadership">Youth leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth-led_media" title="Youth-led media">Youth-led media</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_participation" title="Youth participation">Youth participation</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_philanthropy" title="Youth philanthropy">Youth philanthropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_service" title="Youth service">Youth service</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">Youth vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_work" title="Youth work">Youth work</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adultcentrism" title="Adultcentrism">Adultcentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_age_restrictions" title="List of age restrictions">Age restrictions</a></li>

<li><a href="Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleutheromania" title="Eleutheromania">Eleutherophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Fear of children</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li>

<li><a href="Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Infantilization" title="Infantilization">Infantilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrusiveness" title="Intrusiveness">Intrusiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_respect" title="Parental respect">Parental respect</a></li>

<li><a href="Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="School-to-prison_pipeline" title="School-to-prison pipeline">School-to-prison pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicariousness" title="Vicariousness">Vicariousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_control_complex" title="Youth control complex">Youth control complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_exclusion" title="Youth exclusion">Youth exclusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Age of criminal responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>

<li><a href="Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">Greaser</a></li>

<li><a href="Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippies</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Youth_Year" title="International Youth Year">International Youth Year</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">LGBTQ student movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Subcultures_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcultures of the 1950s">Subcultures of the 1950s</a></li>

<li><a href="Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Teenage_Liberation_Handbook" title="The Teenage Liberation Handbook">The Teenage Liberation Handbook</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Teenage_rebellion" title="Teenage rebellion">Teenage rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li>

<li><a href="Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_youth_rights%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of youth rights–related articles">Index of youth rights–related articles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213457#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213457#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88007452">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beat generation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936777f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beat generation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936777f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539233205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3982a7bf-519a-4358-ba10-f65940ac33ec">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Beat_Generation&oldid=1301099158">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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